Home battery laws by state

Requires residential solar contracts to disclose costs, savings assumptions, and warranties, including inverter and battery warranties. Lease payments cannot start before the utility grants permission to operate. Contractors must evaluate the roof before installation and meet the registrar's training standards.

Source: Arizona State Legislature, Laws 2026, Chapter 175 (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting
• Licensing and consumers

Adopts the 2024 International Fire Code, with state amendments, as the State Fire Code. Its energy systems chapter covers battery storage and solar where the State Fire Code applies.

Source: Arizona Secretary of State, Arizona Administrative Code, Title 4, Chapter 36 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Allows rooftop solar on homes and parking structures, and battery storage at homes and businesses only when stored energy is used on site. Uses not listed as permitted in a zoning district are not allowed.

Source: Town of Chino Valley, Ordinance No. 2025-956 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Approves an Arizona Public Service pilot that pays up to 5,000 home battery owners $110 per kW a year for up to 60 grid events. Events run from 4 to 10 in the evening, May through October.

Source: Arizona Corporation Commission, News release, Mar 13, 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits

Defines commercial contractor license classes; electrical work under 600 volts falls under C-11, and no class covers solar electric or battery work specifically. Classes that name solar cover plumbing, water heating, cooling, pool, and boiler work.

Source: Arizona Secretary of State, Arizona Administrative Code, Title 4, Chapter 9 (opens in a new tab)

• Licensing and consumers

Requires sale and lease agreements for distributed energy generation systems to disclose major components, such as batteries, and their warranties. They must also disclose total costs, maintenance, and savings assumptions. Buyers may rescind within three business days, and lease payments cannot start before the utility grants permission to operate.

Source: Arizona State Legislature, Arizona Revised Statutes (opens in a new tab)

• Licensing and consumers

Requires battery systems in Salt River Project's residential program to be Listed to UL 9540, with inverters that meet UL 1741 and IEEE 1547. Customers must take a customer generation price plan and sign an interconnection agreement.

Source: Salt River Project, Residential Distributed Energy Resource Program Requirements (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Tariffs and bill credits

Requires utility approval before construction and permission to operate before a home solar or storage system is energized. Inverters must meet IEEE 1547 and be Listed to UL 1741, and storage follows the utility's SR-710 requirements. Applications filed before Oct 1 each year lock in the Resource Comparison Proxy export rate then in effect.

Source: Tucson Electric Power, Residential interconnection (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Tariffs and bill credits
• Meter socket adapters

Studies refinements to Rule 21 interconnection rules for distributed energy resources at the large and small utilities. No new rule is shown yet.

Source: California Public Utilities Commission, CPUC Rulemaking R.25-08-004 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Proposes adopting the most recent edition of NFPA 855 into the Fire Code's storage system rules, citing SB 283.

Source: California Building Standards Commission, State Fire Marshal initial statement of reasons, 2025 Intervening Cycle (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Covers resource adequacy for aggregated distributed energy resources.

Source: Office of the Governor of California, Legislative update dated Sep 30, 2026 (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits

Pays customers who cut net load during extreme grid events. Option 3 covers behind-the-meter batteries run together as a virtual power plant. The Energy Commission approved this edition on Apr 27, 2026.

Source: California Energy Commission, Docket entry for the guidelines (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Allows only utility-approved meter socket adapters, on single-meter residential services of 200 amps or less, with exports capped at 20 kW. Requires a production meter for all distributed generation and sets approved solar and battery connection options.

Source: Sacramento Municipal Utility District, SMUD Engineering Specification T014, Revision 7, dated Feb 19, 2026 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Meter socket adapters

Sets the statewide electrical code, with California amendments, effective Jan 1, 2026.

Source: California Building Standards Commission, Title 24 codes page (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting
• Interconnection

Applies State Fire Marshal changes to Chapters 3, 12, and 80 of the California Fire Code to battery facilities from Jan 1, 2026. The changes were adopted Mar 7, 2025 and draw on the 2023 edition of NFPA 855.

Source: California Governor's Office of Business and Economic Development, State Battery Storage Safety Collaborative page (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Sets the statewide residential building code effective Jan 1, 2026.

Source: California Building Standards Commission, Title 24 codes page (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Closes ratepayer-funded self-generation incentives to new applications after Dec 30, 2025 and returns unallocated funds to ratepayers. State-funded incentives stay open to Jun 30, 2028, and low-income residential customers need not join demand response.

Source: California Public Utilities Commission, CPUC Decision D.25-12-003 (R.20-05-012) (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Keeps the property tax exclusion for active solar energy systems built before Jan 1, 2027 until the property changes ownership.

Source: Office of the Governor of California, Legislative update dated Oct 3, 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Sets the bill savings estimate in the Contractors State License Board's Solar Energy System Disclosure Document to the 12 months after installation. From Nov 1, 2025, the state's investor-owned utilities collect the updated document with residential interconnection applications.

Source: California Public Utilities Commission, CPUC Resolution E-5364 (Energy Division own motion; Agenda ID 23299) (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Licensing and consumers

Funds payments of $2 per kWh for nonresidential load reduction during grid emergencies, through 2027. Battery aggregators and exporting solar-plus-storage customers may take part.

Source: California Public Utilities Commission, CPUC Emergency Load Reduction Program (pilot), most recently updated by D.23-12-005 (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Requires inverters on interconnecting distributed resources to perform seven autonomous functions from Sep 8, 2017. Later phases added communication and advanced functions under Rule 21 Section Hh.

Source: California Public Utilities Commission, Electric Rule 21 Section Hh (smart inverter requirements); CPUC D.14-12-035 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Allows electrical contractors to install battery storage systems. Solar contractors may install storage only as part of a solar installation and only up to 80 kWh.

Source: Contractors State License Board, Order of Adoption (opens in a new tab)

• Licensing and consumers

Allows solar modules, and batteries that are hazardous waste, to be managed as universal waste under simpler handling rules. Generators must send them to a handler, a transporter, or an authorized foreign destination.

Source: Department of Toxic Substances Control, 22 CCR Sec. 66261.9 and Title 22, Division 4.5, Chapter 23 (universal waste); authority Health and Safety Code Sec. 25259 (SB 489, Chapter 419, Statutes of 2015) (opens in a new tab)

• Recycling and end of life

Enacts a six-year moratorium on new state and local building standards affecting residential units, and limits code proposals in intervening cycles.

Source: California Building Standards Commission, Information Bulletin 25-05, dated Nov 26, 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting

Requires customers installing generation or storage on their premises to meet the large utilities' interconnection, operating, and metering requirements. It covers all net metering and non-export facilities.

Source: California Public Utilities Commission, Electric Rule 21 (PG&E, SCE, and SDG&E tariffs) (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Requires cities and counties to offer online, automated permitting for residential solar and solar-plus-storage systems and to report permit data annually. Duties depend on population, and some jurisdictions are exempt.

Source: California Energy Commission, SB 379 (Wiener), Chapter 356, Statutes of 2022 (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting

Proposes adopting the Florida Building Code, 9th Edition (2026), as the statewide construction code through the triennial update.

Source: Florida Department of State, Florida Administrative Code, rule 61G20-1.001 page (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Proposes the triennial Florida Fire Prevention Code update, listing NFPA 855 and Chapter 69A-73 energy storage standards among its referenced and covered rules.

Source: Florida Department of Financial Services, Division of State Fire Marshal, Notice of Proposed Rule, Chapter 69A-60 (rules 69A-60.002, .003, .004, .005, and .007), F.A.C. (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Requires energy storage systems to comply with NFPA 855, 2023 Edition, and the Florida Fire Prevention Code, with a state amendment to section 4.8.2.2.

Source: Florida Department of State, Florida Administrative Register, Mar 31, 2025 issue, Chapter 69A-73 rule text (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Allows private providers to handle solar energy and energy storage installations as single-trade plans reviews and inspections, including automated or software-based plans review. Requires local officials to issue permits within set times after certain single-trade plans reviews.

Source: Florida Senate, HB 683 (2025), Ch. 2025-140, Laws of Florida (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting

Requires construction statewide, including electrical and energy systems such as solar and battery installations, to meet the Florida Building Code, 8th Edition (2023).

Source: Florida Department of State, Florida Administrative Code, rule 61G20-1.001 page (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Requires compliance with NFPA 1 and NFPA 101, Florida 2021 Editions, as the Florida Fire Prevention Code, including its referenced energy storage standard.

Source: Florida Department of State, Florida Administrative Code, Chapter 69A-60 page (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Requires property appraisers to exclude the value of renewable energy source devices, including photovoltaic modules, inverters, and storage devices, from assessments. The exclusion is 100 percent for residential devices and 80 percent for nonresidential devices installed on or after Jan 1, 2018.

Source: Florida Senate, Florida Statutes, s. 193.624, F.S. (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Allows owners to use private providers for plans review and inspections, including single-trade review of solar energy and energy storage installations. Requires local officials to decide permits within set business-day deadlines, or some permits are deemed approved.

Source: Florida Legislature, Online Sunshine, s. 553.791, F.S. (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting

Requires uniform statewide firesafety standards for energy storage systems, which the State Fire Marshal implements through Chapter 69A-73, F.A.C.

Source: Florida Legislature, Online Sunshine, s. 633.206, F.S. (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Proposes moving the state fire code to NFPA 1 (2024 edition) with Massachusetts amendments. Energy storage would follow NFPA 855 (2026 edition), with permits required above the Table 52.1.1 thresholds.

Source: Department of Fire Services, Proposed amendments to 527 CMR 1.00 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

An earlier House draft, H.5151, proposed a statewide storage incentive program and a state permitting platform for home solar and storage. The Senate passed its own text, and a conference committee has had the bill since Jul 16, 2026.

Source: Massachusetts Legislature, H.5175, 194th General Court (House draft H.5151 as amended; Senate text S.3143) (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting
• Interconnection
• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits
• Licensing and consumers

Proposes requiring each electric company to run a virtual power plant program paying customer-sited distributed energy resources for peak load reduction. Proposes a goal of distributed resources equal to 20 percent of state load by 2035 and interconnection performance incentives.

Source: Massachusetts Legislature, S.2270, 194th General Court (Senate Docket 2553) (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits

Pays solar incentives per kWh; systems of 25 kW AC or less get a flat $0.03 per kWh, or $0.06 for low-income customers. Paired storage earns an energy storage adder, listed at $0.04 per kWh for program year 2026.

Source: Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources, 225 CMR 28.00 (SMART 3.0) (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits

Sets one utility's interconnection rules, including a simplified track for listed inverter systems of 25 kilowatts or less. The utility must authorize interconnection within five business days once requirements are met. Group studies may use export limits for integrated storage.

Source: NSTAR Electric Company, Interconnection tariff M.D.P.U. No. 55D (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Requires installations permitted after Apr 24, 2026 to meet the 2026 National Electrical Code with Massachusetts amendments. It changes solar photovoltaic warning label rules, deletes Article 691, and requires outdoor service disconnects at one- and two-family homes.

Source: Board of Fire Prevention Regulations, Department of Fire Services, 527 CMR 12.00 (Massachusetts Electrical Code, based on the 2026 NEC) (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Pays $275 per kW for behind-the-meter batteries of 50 kW or less that discharge during 30 to 60 summer peak events. The rate is locked for five years. It can be combined with the Solar Massachusetts Renewable Target program and net metering. Storage that charges from the grid and exports cannot net meter.

Source: Cape Light Compact, Residential battery program materials (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits

Revised the model interconnection tariff that each utility's own tariff follows. As proposed, it raised the Simplified Process limit from 15 kW to 25 kW and opened faster review paths to storage.

Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities, D.P.U. 25-48 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Summarizes existing rules, including a fire department permit above 20 kWh, or above 1 kWh at one- and two-family homes, and listing to UL 9540. It says most lithium-ion batteries are hazardous waste that can be managed as universal waste. Fire departments must approve storage decommissioning plans.

Source: Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Guidance on electric battery storage, Aug 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting
• Recycling and end of life

Approves, with modifications, the 2025 to 2027 efficiency plans, including an improved demand response program that controls customer batteries and thermostats during system peaks. It also cuts the plan budgets by $500 million.

Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities, D.P.U. 24-140 through D.P.U. 24-149, Order on the 2025-2027 Three-Year Energy Efficiency Plans (Feb 28, 2025) (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits

Requires utilities to credit net metering facilities; Class I runs to 60 kW, and Class I systems of 25 kW or less are cap exempt. Requires that energy storage systems not count as on-site load when qualifying for cap exemptions.

Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities, 220 CMR 18.00 net metering regulation (opens in a new tab)

• Tariffs and bill credits

Requires building construction to meet the 2021 International Codes with Massachusetts amendments.

Source: Board of Building Regulations and Standards, 780 CMR (tenth edition), Massachusetts State Building Code (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Requires home energy storage to get building permits and inspections, follow the state electrical code, and have smoke and carbon monoxide alarms. Requires solar electrical work under the state electrical code and allows alternative ridge setbacks in sprinklered homes.

Source: Board of Building Regulations and Standards, Residential code chapter 3, tenth edition (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Says storage installations permitted on or after Dec 9, 2022 must meet the prescriptive rules of the latest edition of 527 CMR 1.00. It ends the Jun 7, 2021 alternatives for one- and two-family homes.

Source: Department of Fire Services, Office of the State Fire Marshal, State Fire Marshal memo to building inspectors and fire prevention officers, Mar 1, 2023 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Lists utility technical requirements for connecting inverters and storage, such as inverters Listed to UL 1741 and IEEE 1547 trip functions. It is a reference, and each utility's own requirements control.

Source: Technical Standards Review Group, Common technical standards manual, Dec 2022 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Adopts NFPA 1 (2021 edition) with Massachusetts amendments as the state fire code.

Source: Department of Fire Services, 527 CMR 1.00 (2021 edition), Massachusetts Comprehensive Fire Safety Code (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Under this section, each utility filed a tariff setting operating limits for energy storage connected to its grid. The Department of Public Utilities reviewed them in D.P.U. 23-115, 23-117, and 23-126.

Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities, St. 2022, c. 179, § 72 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Allows clean energy matching grants, including for energy storage technologies, to go to municipal colleges and public schools. Allows energy efficiency programs to combine efficiency and electrification with renewable generation and storage.

Source: Massachusetts Legislature, St. 2022, c. 179, §§ 13 and 24 (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Proposes a statewide virtual power plant program paying households and businesses whose batteries and other devices support the grid at peak. Proposes utility-filed compensation rates and streamlined interconnection for participants.

Source: New York State Senate, A10354B, 2025-2026 session (GREAT Act) (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits

Proposes requiring local authorities serving over 5,000 residents to adopt a no-cost automated residential solar permitting platform by Jun 30, 2027. Proposes optional storage coverage and remote inspections.

Source: New York State Senate, S5781B / A6270C, 2025-2026 session (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting

Proposes a property tax abatement for electric energy storage equipment placed in service from Jan 1, 2027 until Jan 1, 2029. Each year's abatement would be the lesser of 10 percent of costs, taxes due, or $62,500.

Source: New York State Senate, S2470 / A6198, 2025-2026 session (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Proposes raising the home solar tax credit from 25 to 40 percent, capped at $10,000 and refundable, with storage equipment counting. Proposes municipal permits for large renewable facilities, ending state override of local laws.

Source: New York State Senate, S1385, 2025-2026 session (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting
• Incentives and programs

Proposes directing the Commission within 120 days, and the Long Island authority within 180 days, to extend Value Stack compensation elements to behind-the-meter resources.

Source: New York State Senate, S2170, 2025-2026 session (opens in a new tab)

• Tariffs and bill credits

Allows customer-sited batteries to join one utility's direct load control demand response through a bring-your-own-battery option. Requires utilities to report more data on longer-term demand response programs for storage.

Source: New York State Department of Public Service, PSC Cases 18-E-0130, 14-E-0423, and 00-E-2054, Commission action Apr 16, 2026 (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits

Requires utilities to use uniform interconnection procedures for distributed generation and energy storage systems of 5 MW or less. Requires UL 1741 SB certification for expedited review of inverter systems over 50 kW and up to 300 kW.

Source: New York State Department of Public Service, New York State Standardized Interconnection Requirements (SIR) for distributed generators and energy storage systems 5 MW or less, effective Feb 9, 2026 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Requires electrical energy storage systems to meet Section 1207 of the 2025 state Fire Code from Dec 31, 2025. The section reproduces material based on NFPA 855, 2023 edition.

Source: New York State Department of State, 2025 Fire Code of New York State, Section 1207 (Electrical Energy Storage Systems), adopted Jul 25, 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Requires building permit applications filed from Dec 31, 2025 to follow the 2025 state building, residential, fire, and energy codes. Allowed either the 2020 or 2025 Uniform Code between the Oct 1, 2025 notice and that date.

Source: New York State Department of State, 2025 Uniform Code and Energy Code update, 19 NYCRR Parts 1219-1229 and 1240; adopted Jul 25, 2025, amended Dec 5, 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Requires indoor energy storage systems above 1 kWh, including in one- and two-family homes, to meet NFPA 855 (2020) as amended by the city. Requires storage filing, installation, and decommissioning to follow companion rule 101-19, which adopts UL 9540 and UL 9540A.

Source: NYC Department of Buildings, 1 RCNY 3616-07 (NFPA 855 amendment) with companion 1 RCNY 101-19, effective Oct 26, 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting
• Recycling and end of life

Funds NYSERDA's retail and residential storage incentive programs by approving their implementation plan, toward 1,500 MW retail and 200 MW residential by 2030. Requires changes letting grid operator distributed resource participants qualify for retail incentives.

Source: New York State Department of Public Service, PSC Case 18-E-0130, Commission action Feb 13, 2025, retail and residential energy storage program Implementation Plan (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Requires residential and community solar providers to register with the Department, give a standard disclosure, and honor a three-day rescission right. Also requires truthful marketing, baseline savings forecasts, and prompt complaint responses.

Source: New York State Department of Public Service, PSC Case 15-M-0180, Uniform Business Practices for Distributed Energy Resource Suppliers, effective Oct 27, 2024 (opens in a new tab)

• Licensing and consumers

Funds a NYSERDA residential storage incentive for 200 MW and a retail storage incentive for 1,500 MW more by 2030. Requires three bulk storage procurements toward a 6 GW statewide goal.

Source: New York State Public Service Commission, Order Establishing Updated Energy Storage Goal and Deployment Policy, Jun 20, 2024 (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits

Requires outdoor stationary battery systems in the city to keep 10-foot setbacks and requires FDNY permits for lithium-ion systems over 20 kWh. Also requires a certificate of fitness holder, remote monitoring, and warning signs for larger systems.

Source: Fire Department of the City of New York, 3 RCNY 608-01 (FDNY, Outdoor Stationary Storage Battery Systems) (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Proposes a model local law that municipalities may adopt for permitting residential, commercial, and utility-scale battery storage. Local governments keep authority to review, approve, and permit projects.

Source: NYSERDA, NYSERDA New York State Battery Energy Storage System Guidebook, including model law (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Portland General Electric proposes making its home battery pilot an ongoing program open to small nonresidential customers. The request is part of a $35.3 million plan for 2027 and 2028.

Source: Public Utility Commission of Oregon, Docket UM 2141 filing, Oct 15, 2026 (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Proposes updates to the small generator interconnection and net metering rules. Order No. 26-368 opened the formal rulemaking on Sep 30, 2026. Proposed changes include study deadlines, lower costs for late studies, and quarterly utility reporting.

Source: Public Utility Commission of Oregon, Docket AR 688 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Tariffs and bill credits

Adopts the 2026 National Electrical Code with Oregon amendments from Oct 1, 2026. Adding solar to a building with an existing system requires rapid shutdown for the existing system too. Oregon does not adopt NEC Section 706.7 on storage commissioning.

Source: Oregon Building Codes Division, 2026 Oregon Electrical Specialty Code, Table 1-E (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting
• Interconnection

Adopts the 2026 Oregon Residential Specialty Code from Oct 1, 2026, and it becomes mandatory Apr 1, 2027. Builders may use the 2023 or 2026 code during the phase-in.

Source: Oregon Building Codes Division, Oregon Residential Specialty Code adoption page (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Directs the three investor-owned utilities to add a single-disconnect option for net metering systems and a transfer trip description in their 2027 handbook updates. It also opened the formal interconnection rulemaking.

Source: Public Utility Commission of Oregon, Order No. 26-368 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Requires residential solar sellers to use licensed installers and give a plain-language disclosure of up to four pages. Contracts must include required terms and allow cancellation within three business days. Utility interconnection approval must come before installation, and sellers must disclose storage capacity and keep production estimates within the inverter rating.

Source: Oregon State Legislature, Oregon Laws 2026 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Licensing and consumers

Adds rebates for storage, including batteries added to existing home solar, installed by approved contractors. Batteries must be Listed to UL 1973, and storage systems Listed to UL 9540. The rules require one kilowatt of solar for every five kilowatt-hours of storage.

Source: Oregon Department of Energy, Permanent Administrative Order DOE 1-2026 (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs
• Licensing and consumers

Lets the state rebate program pay for solar, paired storage, and storage added to homes that already have solar. Contractors claim the rebates, must hold required licenses, and must pass the full rebate to customers. Residential storage rebates are capped at $2,500.

Source: Oregon State Legislature, Oregon Laws 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs
• Licensing and consumers

Adopts the 2024 International Fire Code, as amended by the State Fire Marshal, as the 2025 Oregon Fire Code from Oct 1, 2025. Its Section 1207 covers battery energy storage systems.

Source: Oregon State Fire Marshal, Oregon Fire Code page (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Approves the three investor-owned utilities' small generator interconnection agreements, with changes. Nameplate rating for inverter-based units is the inverter's AC output rating. Customers with utility power purchase agreements may match the interconnection agreement term to that contract.

Source: Public Utility Commission of Oregon, Order No. 24-448 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Sets utility interconnection rules for small generators, and its definitions treat energy storage as part of a generator facility. Inverter-based units are sized by inverter AC rating, and limited export capacity can stand in for nameplate rating. Lab-tested equipment must meet IEEE 1547-2018 and carry laboratory certification.

Source: Oregon Secretary of State, Oregon Administrative Rules Database (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Adopted 2024 changes to the net metering and small generator interconnection rules. The changes move inverter requirements to IEEE 1547-2018 and UL 1741 SB, and add export control rules for projects with storage.

Source: Public Utility Commission of Oregon, Docket AR 659 hearings report (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Tariffs and bill credits

Pays rebates through approved contractors for home solar, up to $5,000, and storage at $300 per kilowatt-hour, up to $2,500. Lower-income homes get higher shares, and storage must be able to power the home in an outage. Funds from the Jun 15, 2026 reopening are fully reserved, so the program is closed.

Source: Oregon Department of Energy, Solar + Storage Rebate Program for homeowners (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Would require major utilities to submit virtual power plant programs to the commission by Jul 1, 2027, paying opted-in households for grid services. Home batteries are among the devices such programs would dispatch at peak demand.

Source: Pennsylvania House Democratic Caucus, News release on HB 2264 (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits

Proposes rules on how utilities coordinate with distributed energy resources that take part in wholesale electricity markets.

Source: Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, Docket L-2023-3044115 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits

Starts work on a proposed rule to update how new electric load and distributed energy resources connect to utility distribution systems. The commission says its 2006 rules do not fully account for the growth of battery storage.

Source: Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, News release, Dec 18, 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Lets the utility expand its distributed energy resource management devices and manage smart inverter settings on customer solar and batteries under set conditions. It removes the yearly device cap and requires an aggregator procurement within 12 months.

Source: Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, Docket P-2024-3049223 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Incentives and programs

Updates the Uniform Construction Code to nearly all provisions of the 2021 International Codes.

Source: Independent Regulatory Review Commission, Regulation #12-125 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Bars customer-owned meter collar adapters between the utility meter and the meter base. They are allowed only on a separate customer-owned meter base. Distributed energy systems connecting through a collar need an alternating current isolation device, and local inspectors must approve the collar.

Source: PPL Electric Utilities, Rules for Electric Meter and Service Installations: Meter Collar Devices (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Meter socket adapters

Proposes, as a staff discussion draft, new statewide interconnection rules for distributed energy resources, split at 250 kW, with updated inverter ride-through and certification standards. It would set study and agreement timelines, require published fee schedules, and move legacy resources to new requirements after specified changes.

Source: Public Utility Commission of Texas, Staff discussion draft, Project 54233, Item 89 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Meter socket adapters

Requires electrical work to follow the 2026 National Electrical Code from Sep 1, 2026, with a limited exception for ground-fault protection on certain outdoor outlets.

Source: Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation, 16 TAC 73.100 (2026 National Electrical Code adopted by TDLR), 51 TexReg 5776 (Aug 28, 2026) (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting
• Interconnection

Explains that businesses may manage waste batteries as universal waste. They may store them for up to one year, must label them, and must keep them from leaking. Household waste is excluded.

Source: Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Managing Hazardous Waste as Universal Waste (opens in a new tab)

• Recycling and end of life

Allows socket-mounted transfer switch devices on the utility's approved list on 200-amp home services without a permit. Owners must register the device and have a field operations consultation. Other devices need utility approval first.

Source: Austin Energy, Socket-mounted transfer switch devices page (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting
• Interconnection
• Meter socket adapters

Allows qualified third parties, including some master electricians, to review plans and inspect home backup power installations, such as batteries, instead of local officials. Requires local authorities to post requirements and fees and to issue permits within three business days after an approved review.

Source: Texas Legislative Council, Texas Constitution and Statutes, SB 1202, 89th Leg., R.S. (2025), Ch. 804; Tex. Loc. Gov't Code 247.0025 (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting

Prohibits cities from regulating installation or inspection of home backup energy systems up to 50 kW output or 100 kWh storage, except city-owned utilities.

Source: Texas Legislative Council, Texas Constitution and Statutes, SB 1252, 89th Leg., R.S. (2025), Ch. 356; Tex. Loc. Gov't Code 214.211, 214.214, 229.102 (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting

Explains that battery systems above the NFPA 855 thresholds must meet the 2020 edition of NFPA 855 where the State Fire Marshal has jurisdiction.

Source: Texas Department of Insurance, State Fire Marshal's Office, TDI State Fire Marshal's Office, Battery Energy Storage Systems FAQ (page updated Feb 14, 2025) (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Requires State Fire Marshal inspections to apply the 2021 editions of NFPA 1 (Fire Code) and NFPA 101 (Life Safety Code).

Source: Texas Department of Insurance, State Fire Marshal's Office, 28 TAC 34.303 and related (State Fire Marshal inspection standards: NFPA 1 and NFPA 101, 2021 editions), eff. Sep 1, 2023 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Requires a state license for electrical work and requires the state to adopt each new edition of the National Electrical Code as its electrical code. Cities may adopt local amendments and inspect electrical work.

Source: Texas Legislative Council, Texas Constitution and Statutes, Tex. Occ. Code ch. 1305 (Electricians), incl. 1305.003, 1305.101, 1305.151, 1305.201 (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting
• Licensing and consumers

Pilot that tests how aggregations of distributed energy resources at many metered sites take part in the ERCOT wholesale market. Its current governing document is Phase 3.3, dated Jun 3, 2026.

Source: Electric Reliability Council of Texas, Aggregate Distributed Energy Resource pilot page (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits

Proposes the 2024 International Fire Code as the state fire code. It replaces the prescriptive storage rules in Section 1207 with references to NFPA 855. It also adds a permit for storing lithium batteries over 15 cubic feet.

Source: Washington State Code Reviser, Washington State Register, WSR 26-10-069 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Requires producers of portable batteries to join approved stewardship plans from Jan 1, 2027, and adds medium format batteries in 2029. From Jan 1, 2028, retailers may not sell large format batteries without producer marking.

Source: Washington State Code Reviser, Washington State Register, WSR 26-01-103 (opens in a new tab)

• Recycling and end of life

Lets small solar arrays under 1,000 square feet, parking-lot solar canopies, and landfill solar skip state environmental review. Storage that cuts system peak demand can count as demand response toward utility targets. Utilities may count new distributed generation in priority locations at four times its output through Dec 31, 2029.

Source: Washington State Legislature, ESSB 5445 (2025 regular session), Chapter 265, Laws of 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting
• Incentives and programs

Revises a utility's residential battery storage service schedule to remove limits on demand response participation and pay one enrollment incentive per battery. Adds another tariff schedule as a funding source for the program.

Source: Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission, Docket UE-240333 (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Requires licensed contractors and detailed written contracts for solar installations over $1,000, including costs, production estimates, and battery component details. Gives buyers three business days to cancel, requires utility interconnection approval before installation, and bans deceptive solicitation.

Source: Washington State Legislature, Chapter 19.95 RCW (opens in a new tab)

• Licensing and consumers

Requires anyone connecting a power source to the grid to consult the serving utility and meet its standards. Sets wiring and disconnect rules for supply-side connections and requires design review for interconnected systems, including storage.

Source: Washington State Legislature, WAC 296-46B-705 (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting
• Interconnection

Requires home storage systems to be Listed to UL 9540 and labeled for residential use, except systems under 1 kWh. Allows approved repurposed vehicle batteries outdoors with 5-foot spacing, and requires commissioning and handover of maintenance and decommissioning instructions.

Source: Washington State Legislature, WAC 51-51-0328 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Requires storage systems above set thresholds, such as 20 kWh for lithium-ion, to be Listed to UL 9540, with spacing and location limits. In homes, it caps units at 20 kWh, limits totals to 40 or 80 kWh by location, and bars installation in sleeping rooms.

Source: Washington State Legislature, WAC 51-54A-1207 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting
• Recycling and end of life

Requires battery producers to fund collection programs for portable batteries from 2027 and medium format batteries up to 2,000 Wh from 2029. Requires producer marking on large format batteries, those over 2,000 Wh or 25 pounds, from Jan 1, 2028, and studies their end-of-life handling.

Source: Washington State Legislature, Chapter 70A.555 RCW (opens in a new tab)

• Recycling and end of life

Requires utilities to offer net metering for systems up to 100 kW until the earlier of Jun 30, 2029, or a 4 percent cap. Allows successor tariffs afterward, keeps credits for earlier customers, and bars utilities from restricting on-site storage.

Source: Washington State Legislature, Chapter 80.60 RCW (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Tariffs and bill credits

Adopts the 2023 National Electrical Code with state changes for electrical work from Sep 1, 2026, replacing the 2017 edition.

Source: Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services, News release on the 2023 electrical code (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Lets handlers manage hazardous waste batteries, such as lithium and lead-acid batteries, under the universal waste rules in ch. NR 673, which allow longer storage.

Source: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Universal waste page (opens in a new tab)

• Recycling and end of life