Commercial and utility battery laws by state

Adopts the 2024 International Fire Code, with state amendments, as the State Fire Code. Its energy systems chapter covers battery storage and solar where the State Fire Code applies.

Source: Arizona Secretary of State, Arizona Administrative Code, Title 4, Chapter 36 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Allows rooftop solar on homes and parking structures, and battery storage at homes and businesses only when stored energy is used on site. Uses not listed as permitted in a zoning district are not allowed.

Source: Town of Chino Valley, Ordinance No. 2025-956 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Lets county boards of supervisors create renewable energy incentive districts for utility-scale renewable and storage equipment. District plans may offer faster zoning and permits, and waivers of fees or standards.

Source: Arizona State Legislature, Arizona Revised Statutes (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Requires the Department of Revenue to value utility-scale renewable and storage equipment at 20 percent of depreciated cost for property tax through Dec 31, 2040. Stand-alone and colocated storage both qualify.

Source: Arizona State Legislature, Arizona Revised Statutes (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Studies refinements to Rule 21 interconnection rules for distributed energy resources at the large and small utilities. No new rule is shown yet.

Source: California Public Utilities Commission, CPUC Rulemaking R.25-08-004 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Studies updates to the Energy Code, which sets solar and battery requirements for new buildings. Proposed standards are planned for 2027 adoption and Jan 1, 2029 effect.

Source: California Energy Commission, 2028 Energy Code rulemaking, Docket 25-BSTD-03 (Title 24, Part 6) (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting

Proposes adopting the most recent edition of NFPA 855 into the Fire Code's storage system rules, citing SB 283.

Source: California Building Standards Commission, State Fire Marshal initial statement of reasons, 2025 Intervening Cycle (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Covers utility interconnection and a transmission development monitor at the Public Utilities Commission.

Source: Office of the Governor of California, Legislative update dated Sep 30, 2026 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Sets the statewide electrical code, with California amendments, effective Jan 1, 2026.

Source: California Building Standards Commission, Title 24 codes page (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting
• Interconnection

Requires solar on new single-family, multifamily, and nonresidential buildings. Requires battery storage on new high-rise multifamily and nonresidential buildings that must install solar.

Source: California Energy Commission, Business Meeting backup packet, Jun 11, 2025, Docket 25-BSTD-02 (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting

Applies State Fire Marshal changes to Chapters 3, 12, and 80 of the California Fire Code to battery facilities from Jan 1, 2026. The changes were adopted Mar 7, 2025 and draw on the 2023 edition of NFPA 855.

Source: California Governor's Office of Business and Economic Development, State Battery Storage Safety Collaborative page (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Covers State Fire Marshal guidance for lithium-ion battery facilities (Chapter 637, Statutes of 2025).

Source: California Governor's Office of Emergency Services, Final disposition of 2025 bills (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Requires battery storage developers to consult local fire authorities before applying and to pass a local fire safety inspection before operating. Owners pay inspection costs, and the state must review facility configurations.

Source: California State Senate, Office of Senator Laird, Press release dated Oct 8, 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Closes ratepayer-funded self-generation incentives to new applications after Dec 30, 2025 and returns unallocated funds to ratepayers. State-funded incentives stay open to Jun 30, 2028, and low-income residential customers need not join demand response.

Source: California Public Utilities Commission, CPUC Decision D.25-12-003 (R.20-05-012) (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Requires energy storage owners to meet maintenance, operation, logbook, emergency planning, and incident reporting standards under General Order 167-C. Full requirements apply at 50 MW and above, and customer-sited storage is excluded.

Source: California Public Utilities Commission, CPUC Resolution ESRB-13 (General Order 167-C) (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Funds incentives for cleaner and more efficient distributed energy assets that provide on-call emergency supply or load reduction during extreme events.

Source: California Energy Commission, Distributed Electricity Backup Assets Program Guidelines, First Edition (CEC-300-2023-005), under AB 205 (2022) (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Funds payments of $2 per kWh for nonresidential load reduction during grid emergencies, through 2027. Battery aggregators and exporting solar-plus-storage customers may take part.

Source: California Public Utilities Commission, CPUC Emergency Load Reduction Program (pilot), most recently updated by D.23-12-005 (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Allows electrical contractors to install battery storage systems. Solar contractors may install storage only as part of a solar installation and only up to 80 kWh.

Source: Contractors State License Board, Order of Adoption (opens in a new tab)

• Licensing and consumers

Allows solar modules, and batteries that are hazardous waste, to be managed as universal waste under simpler handling rules. Generators must send them to a handler, a transporter, or an authorized foreign destination.

Source: Department of Toxic Substances Control, 22 CCR Sec. 66261.9 and Title 22, Division 4.5, Chapter 23 (universal waste); authority Health and Safety Code Sec. 25259 (SB 489, Chapter 419, Statutes of 2015) (opens in a new tab)

• Recycling and end of life

Allows net-metered solar and paired storage projects to keep tariff eligibility after a contractor's wage violation once workers are repaid and penalties paid. It also narrows public works rules for these projects while keeping prevailing wage.

Source: California State Senate, Committee on Energy, Utilities and Communications, Analysis of May 5, 2025 version, hearing Jul 7, 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Tariffs and bill credits
• Licensing and consumers

Allows storage projects of 200 MWh or more to seek state energy commission certification in lieu of local permits. The commission must decide within 270 days of a complete application.

Source: California Energy Commission, AB 205 (Ting), Chapter 61, Statutes of 2022; Pub. Res. Code Sec. 25545.1; 20 CCR Sec. 1882 (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting

Requires customers installing generation or storage on their premises to meet the large utilities' interconnection, operating, and metering requirements. It covers all net metering and non-export facilities.

Source: California Public Utilities Commission, Electric Rule 21 (PG&E, SCE, and SDG&E tariffs) (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Requires energy storage systems, including third-party-owned systems, to meet the commission's operation and maintenance standards, and expands commission audits and inspections of storage facilities.

Source: California State Senate, Committee on Energy, Utilities and Communications, SB 283 analysis, existing law section (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Requires each battery energy storage facility in the state to have an emergency response plan and an emergency action plan covering its premises.

Source: California State Senate, Committee on Energy, Utilities and Communications, Analysis of Mar 22, 2023 version (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Proposes adopting the Florida Building Code, 9th Edition (2026), as the statewide construction code through the triennial update.

Source: Florida Department of State, Florida Administrative Code, rule 61G20-1.001 page (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Proposes the triennial Florida Fire Prevention Code update, listing NFPA 855 and Chapter 69A-73 energy storage standards among its referenced and covered rules.

Source: Florida Department of Financial Services, Division of State Fire Marshal, Notice of Proposed Rule, Chapter 69A-60 (rules 69A-60.002, .003, .004, .005, and .007), F.A.C. (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Requires solar facility permit applicants to include site-specific erosion and sediment control plans, stormwater design standards, and certified inspections during construction.

Source: Florida Senate, CS/CS/CS/HB 1417 (2026), Ch. 2026-2, Laws of Florida; Senate companion SB 1510 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Requires local plans to treat solar facilities, defined to include inverters and battery systems, as a permitted use in agricultural areas. Requires permit applicants to include erosion and sediment controls, 100-year storm design, and certified inspections when building solar facilities.

Source: Florida Legislature, Online Sunshine, s. 163.3205, F.S. (as amended by s. 2, ch. 2026-2) (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Requires energy storage systems to comply with NFPA 855, 2023 Edition, and the Florida Fire Prevention Code, with a state amendment to section 4.8.2.2.

Source: Florida Department of State, Florida Administrative Register, Mar 31, 2025 issue, Chapter 69A-73 rule text (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Allows private providers to handle solar energy and energy storage installations as single-trade plans reviews and inspections, including automated or software-based plans review. Requires local officials to issue permits within set times after certain single-trade plans reviews.

Source: Florida Senate, HB 683 (2025), Ch. 2025-140, Laws of Florida (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting

Requires construction statewide, including electrical and energy systems such as solar and battery installations, to meet the Florida Building Code, 8th Edition (2023).

Source: Florida Department of State, Florida Administrative Code, rule 61G20-1.001 page (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Requires compliance with NFPA 1 and NFPA 101, Florida 2021 Editions, as the Florida Fire Prevention Code, including its referenced energy storage standard.

Source: Florida Department of State, Florida Administrative Code, Chapter 69A-60 page (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Requires property appraisers to exclude the value of renewable energy source devices, including photovoltaic modules, inverters, and storage devices, from assessments. The exclusion is 100 percent for residential devices and 80 percent for nonresidential devices installed on or after Jan 1, 2018.

Source: Florida Senate, Florida Statutes, s. 193.624, F.S. (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Allows owners to use private providers for plans review and inspections, including single-trade review of solar energy and energy storage installations. Requires local officials to decide permits within set business-day deadlines, or some permits are deemed approved.

Source: Florida Legislature, Online Sunshine, s. 553.791, F.S. (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting

Requires uniform statewide firesafety standards for energy storage systems, which the State Fire Marshal implements through Chapter 69A-73, F.A.C.

Source: Florida Legislature, Online Sunshine, s. 633.206, F.S. (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Proposes moving the state fire code to NFPA 1 (2024 edition) with Massachusetts amendments. Energy storage would follow NFPA 855 (2026 edition), with permits required above the Table 52.1.1 thresholds.

Source: Department of Fire Services, Proposed amendments to 527 CMR 1.00 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Proposes allowing Becket to adopt a six-month moratorium on large-scale solar and battery storage, excluding batteries accessory to individual residential use.

Source: Massachusetts Legislature, H.5641, 194th General Court (House Docket 6290) (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

An earlier House draft, H.5151, proposed a statewide storage incentive program and a state permitting platform for home solar and storage. The Senate passed its own text, and a conference committee has had the bill since Jul 16, 2026.

Source: Massachusetts Legislature, H.5175, 194th General Court (House draft H.5151 as amended; Senate text S.3143) (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting
• Interconnection
• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits
• Licensing and consumers

Proposes requiring local approval for permitting battery storage facilities.

Source: Massachusetts Legislature, SD.3182, 194th General Court (Senate docket; no Senate bill number shown) (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Proposes establishing buffer zones for battery storage facilities.

Source: Massachusetts Legislature, SD.3224, 194th General Court (Senate docket; no Senate bill number shown) (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Pays solar incentives per kWh; systems of 25 kW AC or less get a flat $0.03 per kWh, or $0.06 for low-income customers. Paired storage earns an energy storage adder, listed at $0.04 per kWh for program year 2026.

Source: Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources, 225 CMR 28.00 (SMART 3.0) (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits

Requires local governments to accept consolidated permit applications by Oct 1, 2026 for solar under 25 MW and storage under 100 MWh. Decisions are due within 12 months, or the permit is approved by default. Storage of 250 kWh or less and accessory behind-the-meter systems skip the site suitability rules.

Source: Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources, 225 CMR 29.00 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting
• Recycling and end of life

Sets baseline standards requiring storage facilities under state siting rules to be Listed to UL 9540, meet UL 9540A testing, and follow NFPA 855. It also requires emergency response plans with local fire officials, hazard signage, and incident reports to the town within one week.

Source: Energy Facilities Siting Board, Energy Facilities Siting Board, 980 CMR 13.00 Regulation Guidance, Attachment 2: Uniform Set of Baseline Health, Safety, Environmental, and Other Standards (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting
• Recycling and end of life

Sets minimum standards under 225 CMR 29.00 for storage facilities that seek a consolidated local permit. They include NFPA 855, listing to UL 9540, UL 9540A testing, setbacks, and a 125 percent decommissioning surety.

Source: Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources, Public health, safety, and environmental standards guideline (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting
• Recycling and end of life

Sets Energy Facilities Siting Board procedures for consolidated permits, state review of local decisions, site suitability analysis, pre-filing engagement, and approval by default.

Source: Energy Facilities Siting Board, Consolidated permit rulemaking page (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Sets one utility's interconnection rules, including a simplified track for listed inverter systems of 25 kilowatts or less. The utility must authorize interconnection within five business days once requirements are met. Group studies may use export limits for integrated storage.

Source: NSTAR Electric Company, Interconnection tariff M.D.P.U. No. 55D (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Requires installations permitted after Apr 24, 2026 to meet the 2026 National Electrical Code with Massachusetts amendments. It changes solar photovoltaic warning label rules, deletes Article 691, and requires outdoor service disconnects at one- and two-family homes.

Source: Board of Fire Prevention Regulations, Department of Fire Services, 527 CMR 12.00 (Massachusetts Electrical Code, based on the 2026 NEC) (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Disapproved the town's temporary moratorium on large ground-mounted solar and battery storage, so it never took effect. It found that battery storage systems count as solar energy systems that state zoning law protects.

Source: Massachusetts Attorney General's Office, Municipal Law Unit decision (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Revised the model interconnection tariff that each utility's own tariff follows. As proposed, it raised the Simplified Process limit from 15 kW to 25 kW and opened faster review paths to storage.

Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities, D.P.U. 25-48 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Summarizes existing rules, including a fire department permit above 20 kWh, or above 1 kWh at one- and two-family homes, and listing to UL 9540. It says most lithium-ion batteries are hazardous waste that can be managed as universal waste. Fire departments must approve storage decommissioning plans.

Source: Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Guidance on electric battery storage, Aug 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting
• Recycling and end of life

Approves, with modifications, the 2025 to 2027 efficiency plans, including an improved demand response program that controls customer batteries and thermostats during system peaks. It also cuts the plan budgets by $500 million.

Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities, D.P.U. 24-140 through D.P.U. 24-149, Order on the 2025-2027 Three-Year Energy Efficiency Plans (Feb 28, 2025) (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits

Lists utility technical requirements for connecting inverters and storage, such as inverters Listed to UL 1741 and IEEE 1547 trip functions. It is a reference, and each utility's own requirements control.

Source: Technical Standards Review Group, Common technical standards manual, Dec 2022 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Adopts NFPA 1 (2021 edition) with Massachusetts amendments as the state fire code.

Source: Department of Fire Services, 527 CMR 1.00 (2021 edition), Massachusetts Comprehensive Fire Safety Code (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Under this section, each utility filed a tariff setting operating limits for energy storage connected to its grid. The Department of Public Utilities reviewed them in D.P.U. 23-115, 23-117, and 23-126.

Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities, St. 2022, c. 179, § 72 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Allows clean energy matching grants, including for energy storage technologies, to go to municipal colleges and public schools. Allows energy efficiency programs to combine efficiency and electrification with renewable generation and storage.

Source: Massachusetts Legislature, St. 2022, c. 179, §§ 13 and 24 (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Funds energy storage through a $47 million state grant program with community resilience, long-duration storage, and safety and education tracks.

Source: Department of Energy Resources, DOER Advancing Massachusetts Power (AMP) energy storage grant program (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Local governments must decide consolidated permits for solar under 25 MW and storage under 100 MWh within 12 months. Otherwise the permit is approved by default. The Department of Energy Resources sets siting standards, and applicants may seek a new state review of local decisions.

Source: Massachusetts Legislature, St. 2024, c. 239, § 23 (G.L. c. 25A, § 21) (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Requires large clean energy facilities, including storage of 100 MWh or more, to get one consolidated permit from the Energy Facilities Siting Board. The board must decide within 15 months. Smaller solar and storage facilities may seek a board permit or a new state review of local decisions.

Source: Massachusetts Legislature, St. 2024, c. 239, § 74 (G.L. c. 164, §§ 69T-69W), with definitions in §§ 50-58 (G.L. c. 164, § 69G) (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Proposes a statewide virtual power plant program paying households and businesses whose batteries and other devices support the grid at peak. Proposes utility-filed compensation rates and streamlined interconnection for participants.

Source: New York State Senate, A10354B, 2025-2026 session (GREAT Act) (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits

Proposes banning new battery energy storage siting, construction, and permits in Assembly District 64, except industrial zones and small residential uses, through Dec 31, 2034.

Source: New York State Senate, A6996, 2025-2026 session (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Proposes banning new battery energy storage siting, construction, and permits in Nassau and Suffolk counties, except industrial zones and small residential uses.

Source: New York State Senate, A8328, 2025-2026 session (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Proposes a property tax abatement for electric energy storage equipment placed in service from Jan 1, 2027 until Jan 1, 2029. Each year's abatement would be the lesser of 10 percent of costs, taxes due, or $62,500.

Source: New York State Senate, S2470 / A6198, 2025-2026 session (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Proposes exempting the sale, use, and installation of commercial energy storage equipment from state sales tax. Proposes adding storage to labor peace and prevailing wage provisions.

Source: New York State Senate, S1527A / A313A, 2025-2026 session (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Proposes banning tier two storage systems, over 600 kWh, within 1,000 feet of residential zones, schools, or hospitals in cities of one million or more.

Source: New York State Senate, A10268 / S8923, 2025-2026 session (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Proposes 750-foot setbacks from residential property for battery storage systems of 3 MW or more, or 300 feet in cities of one million or more. Also proposes a public hearing before permitting and state model local laws.

Source: New York State Senate, S7197B / A6955C, 2025-2026 session (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Proposes banning new battery energy storage siting, construction, and permits in Assembly District 63, except industrial zones and small residential uses, through Dec 31, 2034.

Source: New York State Senate, A139, 2025-2026 session (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Proposes requiring solar panel and bulk storage battery makers to run free collection and recycling programs or lose sales rights. Proposes barring landfills, incinerators, and transfer stations from accepting these items.

Source: New York State Senate, S1502A / A7537, 2025-2026 session (Responsible Renewable Energy Recycling Act) (opens in a new tab)

• Recycling and end of life

Proposes state siting permits for grid-connected storage systems of 25 MW or more, with application fees of $25,000 to $100,000. Proposes excluding storage in cities of one million or more.

Source: New York State Senate, S5506 / A8378, 2025-2026 session (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Proposes banning new battery energy storage siting and construction on Staten Island, except in industrial zones and small residential uses, including pending applications.

Source: New York State Senate, S6557, 2025-2026 session (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Proposes letting the state siting office permit battery storage systems serving data centers. Proposes requiring data centers to file carbon reduction plans; storage permits would need plans using approved renewable or zero-carbon sources.

Source: New York State Senate, S8645, 2025-2026 session (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Allows customer-sited batteries to join one utility's direct load control demand response through a bring-your-own-battery option. Requires utilities to report more data on longer-term demand response programs for storage.

Source: New York State Department of Public Service, PSC Cases 18-E-0130, 14-E-0423, and 00-E-2054, Commission action Apr 16, 2026 (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits

Requires state siting permits for renewable facilities of 25 MW or more, including storage co-located with them. Standalone battery storage is excluded.

Source: New York State Department of Public Service, Renewable energy siting regulatory documents page (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Requires utilities to use uniform interconnection procedures for distributed generation and energy storage systems of 5 MW or less. Requires UL 1741 SB certification for expedited review of inverter systems over 50 kW and up to 300 kW.

Source: New York State Department of Public Service, New York State Standardized Interconnection Requirements (SIR) for distributed generators and energy storage systems 5 MW or less, effective Feb 9, 2026 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Requires electrical energy storage systems to meet Section 1207 of the 2025 state Fire Code from Dec 31, 2025. The section reproduces material based on NFPA 855, 2023 edition.

Source: New York State Department of State, 2025 Fire Code of New York State, Section 1207 (Electrical Energy Storage Systems), adopted Jul 25, 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Requires building permit applications filed from Dec 31, 2025 to follow the 2025 state building, residential, fire, and energy codes. Allowed either the 2020 or 2025 Uniform Code between the Oct 1, 2025 notice and that date.

Source: New York State Department of State, 2025 Uniform Code and Energy Code update, 19 NYCRR Parts 1219-1229 and 1240; adopted Jul 25, 2025, amended Dec 5, 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Studies battery storage fires and recommended fire code changes, which the state adopted Jul 25, 2025, effective Dec 31, 2025. Requires independent peer review for NYSERDA-supported projects, withholding incentives otherwise.

Source: NYSERDA, NYSERDA, New York State Inter-Agency Fire Safety Working Group (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Incentives and programs

Requires indoor energy storage systems above 1 kWh, including in one- and two-family homes, to meet NFPA 855 (2020) as amended by the city. Requires storage filing, installation, and decommissioning to follow companion rule 101-19, which adopts UL 9540 and UL 9540A.

Source: NYC Department of Buildings, 1 RCNY 3616-07 (NFPA 855 amendment) with companion 1 RCNY 101-19, effective Oct 26, 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting
• Recycling and end of life

Funds 3,000 MW of bulk storage through Index Storage Credit solicitations with price and non-price scoring and duration categories. Requires funded lithium-ion projects of 600 kWh or more outside New York City to get preconstruction peer review.

Source: New York State Public Service Commission, Order Approving Bulk Implementation Plan With Modifications, Mar 21, 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Incentives and programs

Funds NYSERDA's retail and residential storage incentive programs by approving their implementation plan, toward 1,500 MW retail and 200 MW residential by 2030. Requires changes letting grid operator distributed resource participants qualify for retail incentives.

Source: New York State Department of Public Service, PSC Case 18-E-0130, Commission action Feb 13, 2025, retail and residential energy storage program Implementation Plan (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Funds a NYSERDA residential storage incentive for 200 MW and a retail storage incentive for 1,500 MW more by 2030. Requires three bulk storage procurements toward a 6 GW statewide goal.

Source: New York State Public Service Commission, Order Establishing Updated Energy Storage Goal and Deployment Policy, Jun 20, 2024 (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits

Requires outdoor stationary battery systems in the city to keep 10-foot setbacks and requires FDNY permits for lithium-ion systems over 20 kWh. Also requires a certificate of fitness holder, remote monitoring, and warning signs for larger systems.

Source: Fire Department of the City of New York, 3 RCNY 608-01 (FDNY, Outdoor Stationary Storage Battery Systems) (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Proposes a model local law that municipalities may adopt for permitting residential, commercial, and utility-scale battery storage. Local governments keep authority to review, approve, and permit projects.

Source: NYSERDA, NYSERDA New York State Battery Energy Storage System Guidebook, including model law (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Requires town bodies to refuse to accept, review, or approve applications for battery energy storage facilities until Nov 18, 2026, unless extended.

Source: Town of North Hempstead, Town Code, Chapter 76 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Portland General Electric proposes making its home battery pilot an ongoing program open to small nonresidential customers. The request is part of a $35.3 million plan for 2027 and 2028.

Source: Public Utility Commission of Oregon, Docket UM 2141 filing, Oct 15, 2026 (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Proposes updates to the small generator interconnection and net metering rules. Order No. 26-368 opened the formal rulemaking on Sep 30, 2026. Proposed changes include study deadlines, lower costs for late studies, and quarterly utility reporting.

Source: Public Utility Commission of Oregon, Docket AR 688 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Tariffs and bill credits

Draft rulemaking on the microgrid framework that HB 2065 and HB 2066 require. Discussions are underway, and no formal rules have been proposed.

Source: Public Utility Commission of Oregon, Rulemakings page (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Tariffs and bill credits

Adopts the 2026 National Electrical Code with Oregon amendments from Oct 1, 2026. Adding solar to a building with an existing system requires rapid shutdown for the existing system too. Oregon does not adopt NEC Section 706.7 on storage commissioning.

Source: Oregon Building Codes Division, 2026 Oregon Electrical Specialty Code, Table 1-E (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting
• Interconnection

Directs the three investor-owned utilities to add a single-disconnect option for net metering systems and a transfer trip description in their 2027 handbook updates. It also opened the formal interconnection rulemaking.

Source: Public Utility Commission of Oregon, Order No. 26-368 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Raises the wind facility threshold for state site certificates to 100 megawatts. The siting law it amends defines battery energy storage systems and leaves them to local permits unless the developer or local government elects state review.

Source: Oregon State Legislature, Oregon Laws 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting

Adopts the 2024 International Fire Code, as amended by the State Fire Marshal, as the 2025 Oregon Fire Code from Oct 1, 2025. Its Section 1207 covers battery energy storage systems.

Source: Oregon State Fire Marshal, Oregon Fire Code page (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Requires utilities to offer microgrid applicants third-party studies, technical data within 21 days, free design feedback within 30 days, and 90-day decisions on qualifying applications. Excludes interconnections under federal jurisdiction.

Source: Oregon State Legislature, Oregon Laws 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Requires the utility commission to set a microgrid framework within 18 months, covering interconnection, safety standards, and compensation for excess energy sold to utilities. It also requires building code rules that support community microgrids and allows local microgrid zones.

Source: Oregon State Legislature, Oregon Laws 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting
• Interconnection
• Tariffs and bill credits

Prohibits battery energy storage systems in every county zone, as the county describes the ordinance. The county applied it on Aug 1, 2025 to deny a 15-acre storage project in a farm zone.

Source: Marion County Planning Division, Staff decision AR25-015 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Approves the three investor-owned utilities' small generator interconnection agreements, with changes. Nameplate rating for inverter-based units is the inverter's AC output rating. Customers with utility power purchase agreements may match the interconnection agreement term to that contract.

Source: Public Utility Commission of Oregon, Order No. 24-448 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Sets utility interconnection rules for small generators, and its definitions treat energy storage as part of a generator facility. Inverter-based units are sized by inverter AC rating, and limited export capacity can stand in for nameplate rating. Lab-tested equipment must meet IEEE 1547-2018 and carry laboratory certification.

Source: Oregon Secretary of State, Oregon Administrative Rules Database (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Adopted 2024 changes to the net metering and small generator interconnection rules. The changes move inverter requirements to IEEE 1547-2018 and UL 1741 SB, and add export control rules for projects with storage.

Source: Public Utility Commission of Oregon, Docket AR 659 hearings report (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Tariffs and bill credits

As passed by the House, would require the state's largest electric utilities to install 3,500 megawatts of battery storage by 2035. The Public Utility Commission would set each utility's share from its load and peak demand.

Source: Pennsylvania House Democratic Caucus, News release, Oct 5, 2026 (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Proposes rules on how utilities coordinate with distributed energy resources that take part in wholesale electricity markets.

Source: Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, Docket L-2023-3044115 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Incentives and programs
• Tariffs and bill credits

Starts work on a proposed rule to update how new electric load and distributed energy resources connect to utility distribution systems. The commission says its 2006 rules do not fully account for the growth of battery storage.

Source: Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, News release, Dec 18, 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Updates the Uniform Construction Code to nearly all provisions of the 2021 International Codes.

Source: Independent Regulatory Review Commission, Regulation #12-125 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Funds grants to schools and colleges for solar energy systems, covering equipment, installation, permit fees, energy storage, and utility interconnection. Grants cover 50 to 75 percent of project cost, depending on the district's aid ratio.

Source: Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development, Solar for Schools Grant Program page (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Informal working draft rules would move State Fire Marshal codes to the 2024 editions of NFPA 1 and NFPA 101. They would also carry out the 2025 battery facility law. Comments were due May 11, 2026.

Source: Texas Department of Insurance, State Fire Marshal's Office, TDI informal working draft, 28 TAC 34.303, new 34.1001-34.1002 and 34.1301-34.1302 (comments due May 11, 2026) (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Proposes, as a staff discussion draft, new statewide interconnection rules for distributed energy resources, split at 250 kW, with updated inverter ride-through and certification standards. It would set study and agreement timelines, require published fee schedules, and move legacy resources to new requirements after specified changes.

Source: Public Utility Commission of Texas, Staff discussion draft, Project 54233, Item 89 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection
• Meter socket adapters

Requires recycling facilities handling wind, solar, and utility-scale battery components to file annual inventories and engineer cost estimates by Jan 15. They must hold financial assurance equal to 100 percent of the estimate, with the state as beneficiary; penalties are capped at $500 a day.

Source: Texas Secretary of State, Texas Register, Sep 25, 2026 issue, adopted rules (opens in a new tab)

• Recycling and end of life

Requires electrical work to follow the 2026 National Electrical Code from Sep 1, 2026, with a limited exception for ground-fault protection on certain outdoor outlets.

Source: Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation, 16 TAC 73.100 (2026 National Electrical Code adopted by TDLR), 51 TexReg 5776 (Aug 28, 2026) (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting
• Interconnection

Funds grants or loans for islanding backup power packages at critical facilities that pair gas or propane generation with solar panels and batteries. Packages must serve one facility behind one meter, use approved vendors, and may not export or sell power to the grid.

Source: Texas Secretary of State, Texas Register, 16 TAC 25.513 (Texas Energy Fund, Texas Backup Power Package Program), Project No. 59024; proposed 51 TexReg 13 (Jan 2, 2026); adopted in the May 22, 2026 Texas Register (opens in a new tab)

• Incentives and programs

Explains that businesses may manage waste batteries as universal waste. They may store them for up to one year, must label them, and must keep them from leaking. Household waste is excluded.

Source: Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Managing Hazardous Waste as Universal Waste (opens in a new tab)

• Recycling and end of life

Requires leases for solar power facilities, which the law defines to include battery storage, to provide for reuse or recycling and financial assurance. The assurance rests on an engineer's cost estimate and is due by lease end or the 20th anniversary of commercial operation, whichever is earlier.

Source: Texas Legislative Council, Texas Constitution and Statutes, HB 3228, 89th Leg., R.S. (2025), Ch. 434; Tex. Util. Code chs. 301 and 302 (opens in a new tab)

• Recycling and end of life

Requires recycling facilities that accept wind, solar, and battery storage components to file annual inventories, recycling timelines, and engineer cost estimates with the state. They must also post financial assurance covering 100 percent of the estimated recycling or disposal cost.

Source: Texas Legislative Council, Texas Constitution and Statutes, HB 3229, 89th Leg., R.S. (2025), Ch. 273; Tex. Health & Safety Code ch. 376 (opens in a new tab)

• Recycling and end of life

Requires landowner leases for battery storage facilities of 1 MWh or more to make the operator remove equipment and restore land. Operators must also provide financial assurance for removal costs, based on a licensed engineer's estimate, by the 15th year at the latest.

Source: Texas Legislative Council, Texas Constitution and Statutes, HB 3809, 89th Leg., R.S. (2025), Ch. 281; Tex. Util. Code ch. 303 (opens in a new tab)

• Recycling and end of life

Requires battery energy storage facilities of 1 MWh or more that begin operating on or after Jan 1, 2027, to meet state fire safety standards. Standards follow NFPA 855 and UL 9540A; operators must keep site emergency plans, train responders, and get third-party fire inspections every five years.

Source: Texas Legislative Council, Texas Constitution and Statutes, HB 3824, 89th Leg., R.S. (2025), Ch. 641; Tex. Util. Code ch. 187 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Requires ERCOT market participants to attest compliance with the foreign-adversary access law and report critical grid equipment purchases from covered companies. Allows commission penalties up to $1 million per violation; it names no specific product such as batteries or inverters.

Source: Texas Legislature Online, SB 2368, 89th Leg., R.S. (2025), Ch. 1020; Tex. Util. Code 39.360, 15.023, 15.034, 15.035; Tex. Bus. & Com. Code 117.004 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Explains that battery systems above the NFPA 855 thresholds must meet the 2020 edition of NFPA 855 where the State Fire Marshal has jurisdiction.

Source: Texas Department of Insurance, State Fire Marshal's Office, TDI State Fire Marshal's Office, Battery Energy Storage Systems FAQ (page updated Feb 14, 2025) (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Requires inverter-based resources and certain wind resources in ERCOT to meet voltage and frequency ride-through requirements consistent with or exceeding IEEE 2800-2022.

Source: Electric Reliability Council of Texas, Market rules page for NOGRR 245 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Requires State Fire Marshal inspections to apply the 2021 editions of NFPA 1 (Fire Code) and NFPA 101 (Life Safety Code).

Source: Texas Department of Insurance, State Fire Marshal's Office, 28 TAC 34.303 and related (State Fire Marshal inspection standards: NFPA 1 and NFPA 101, 2021 editions), eff. Sep 1, 2023 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Prohibits agreements giving companies tied to China, Iran, North Korea, Russia, or designated countries access to or control of critical infrastructure, including electric grids. Warranty and support access is excepted; the utility commission may fine violators up to $1 million per violation.

Source: Texas Legislative Council, Texas Constitution and Statutes, Tex. Bus. & Com. Code ch. 117 (Lone Star Infrastructure Protection Act), incl. 117.002 and 117.004 (opens in a new tab)

• Interconnection

Requires a state license for electrical work and requires the state to adopt each new edition of the National Electrical Code as its electrical code. Cities may adopt local amendments and inspect electrical work.

Source: Texas Legislative Council, Texas Constitution and Statutes, Tex. Occ. Code ch. 1305 (Electricians), incl. 1305.003, 1305.101, 1305.151, 1305.201 (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting
• Licensing and consumers

Proposes the 2024 International Fire Code as the state fire code. It replaces the prescriptive storage rules in Section 1207 with references to NFPA 855. It also adds a permit for storing lithium batteries over 15 cubic feet.

Source: Washington State Code Reviser, Washington State Register, WSR 26-10-069 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Replaces property tax on solar, wind, and battery storage facilities of 10 MW or more with state and local excise taxes from 2028. Funds local investment distributions and requires a model siting ordinance; counties seeking those funds may not adopt stricter siting standards.

Source: Washington State Legislature, E3SHB 1960 (2025-26 biennium, passed in the 2026 regular session), Chapter 260, Laws of 2026 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Incentives and programs

Requires producers of portable batteries to join approved stewardship plans from Jan 1, 2027, and adds medium format batteries in 2029. From Jan 1, 2028, retailers may not sell large format batteries without producer marking.

Source: Washington State Code Reviser, Washington State Register, WSR 26-01-103 (opens in a new tab)

• Recycling and end of life

Lets small solar arrays under 1,000 square feet, parking-lot solar canopies, and landfill solar skip state environmental review. Storage that cuts system peak demand can count as demand response toward utility targets. Utilities may count new distributed generation in priority locations at four times its output through Dec 31, 2029.

Source: Washington State Legislature, ESSB 5445 (2025 regular session), Chapter 265, Laws of 2025 (opens in a new tab)

• Permitting
• Incentives and programs

Pauses county acceptance of new battery storage system applications under a 365-day moratorium adopted Jun 11, 2025. An extension runs it to Dec 7, 2026.

Source: Kitsap County Department of Community Development, Battery energy storage systems (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Requires storage systems above set thresholds, such as 20 kWh for lithium-ion, to be Listed to UL 9540, with spacing and location limits. In homes, it caps units at 20 kWh, limits totals to 40 or 80 kWh by location, and bars installation in sleeping rooms.

Source: Washington State Legislature, WAC 51-54A-1207 (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting
• Recycling and end of life

Requires battery producers to fund collection programs for portable batteries from 2027 and medium format batteries up to 2,000 Wh from 2029. Requires producer marking on large format batteries, those over 2,000 Wh or 25 pounds, from Jan 1, 2028, and studies their end-of-life handling.

Source: Washington State Legislature, Chapter 70A.555 RCW (opens in a new tab)

• Recycling and end of life

Allows stand-alone battery storage facilities to seek state site certification, which is optional. Storage proposed with a solar or wind project is reviewed with that project.

Source: Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council, Battery energy storage systems (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Gives local governments voluntary guidance on battery storage permits. It recommends state fire code compliance, systems Listed to UL 9540, site emergency plans, and funded decommissioning plans.

Source: Washington State Department of Commerce, Battery energy storage resources for local governments and state agencies (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting
• Recycling and end of life

Starts a rulemaking to update the state fire prevention code, which now references the 2012 edition of NFPA 1. The department may adopt the 2024 edition.

Source: Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services, Scope statement (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting

Adopts the 2023 National Electrical Code with state changes for electrical work from Sep 1, 2026, replacing the 2017 edition.

Source: Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services, News release on the 2023 electrical code (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Pauses county review of new battery energy storage system permits and zoning approvals for 12 months from a May 19, 2026 vote. The county adopted a storage siting ordinance in Nov 2024.

Source: Kenosha County, Battery Energy Storage System Ordinance page (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting

Lists what large solar projects must file, including setbacks, inverter details, decommissioning plans and costs, and plans for any co-located battery storage.

Source: Public Service Commission of Wisconsin, Application Filing Requirements: Solar Energy Projects (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting
• Recycling and end of life

Lists what storage projects seeking state approval must file. Applicants must cover fire suppression and detection, NFPA 855 and UL 9540 compliance, emergency plans, setbacks, and decommissioning costs.

Source: Public Service Commission of Wisconsin, Application Filing Requirements: Energy Storage Projects (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting
• Recycling and end of life

Lets handlers manage hazardous waste batteries, such as lithium and lead-acid batteries, under the universal waste rules in ch. NR 673, which allow longer storage.

Source: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Universal waste page (opens in a new tab)

• Recycling and end of life

Requires a state certificate of public convenience and necessity before a large electric generating facility is built. Commission filing guidance applies it to solar projects of 100 megawatts or more and to large storage projects.

Source: Public Service Commission of Wisconsin, Application Filing Requirements: Solar Energy Projects (opens in a new tab)

• Fire protection and siting
• Permitting